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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | Nanak, the first of the Sikh gurus, takes to the road as a wandering teacher | |
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| 1502 |
| | | Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission | |
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| 1505 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a presence in Sri Lanka, trading in the island's crop of cinammon | |
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| 1510 |
| | | The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India | |
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| 1526 |
| | | In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India | |
|  | Elephant armour of a type probably worn at Panipat
Royal Armouries
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| 1527 |
| | | Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India | |
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| 1530 |
| | | The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun | |
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| 1534 |
| | | The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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